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Optical Filters: Filter stacks transmit wide-angle incident light without shifting wavelength(3)

To avoid the problem of color change versus incidence angle in an optical system, thin-film-coated filter elements can be replaced by a filter consisting of a stack of different filter glasses.

JASON KECK

Rugged, no coating degradation

Advantages of using a filter stack rather than a thin-film-coated optical element include wide-angle performance (see Fig. 2) and high durability. Because the glass itself performs the blocking, there is no concern of coating degradation due to extreme environmental shifts, contamination, or mishandling. Filter stacks are as durable as the glass they are made from, surviving aggressive cleaning methods, severe abrasion, salt/fog testing, humidity, and temperature cycling per durability standards of MIL-PRF-13830B, MIL-C-48497A, and MIL-C-675C.

Because all filter glass types have approximately the same index of refraction, there is no Fresnel loss as light propagates from one internal layer to another. However, as with any glass, the air-to-substrate interfaces will incur an ~8% total Fresnel loss for the component.

The addition of a broadband antireflection (BBAR) coating on each air-to-substrate surface can mostly eliminate this loss. The spectral range of the BBAR is designed to be much wider than the active spectral region of the 100G DWDM filter, so the stability of the transmission band will not be affected by changes in the angle of the filter. Blocking coatings can also be added if it is necessary to create steeper edges for in-band performance; however, doing so can affect the wide-angle performance at the edge wavelengths.

ColorLock filter stacks can be designed for spectral ranges from ultraviolet to near-infrared, with transmission exceeding 60% at the specified design wavelength. This transmission may not be as high as with dielectric filters, but is sufficient for applications with controlled and stable illumination, such as for machine vision, in which the consistency of wavelengths from wider incident angles is more important than transmission.

Having overcome considerable design challenges, we believe that these filter stacks can be used as an innovative solution in applications that demand consistent wavelengths from incident angles that are wide enough that dielectric filters would not be sufficient, and where the higher transmission that is afforded by dielectric filters is less important.

DK Photonics – www.dkphotonics.com specializes in designing and manufacturing of high quality optical passive components mainly for fiber laser applications such as 1064nm high power isolator, Cladding Power Stripper, Multimode High Power Isolator, pump combiner,1064nm Band-pass Filter,(6+1)X1 Pump and Signal Combiner, PM Circulator, PM Isolator, optical Coupler. More information, please contact us.

Industrial Fiber Laser Introduction and Global Market Forecast –DK Photonics

The Global Industrial Fiber Laser market to grow at a CAGR of 21.4% over the period 2013-2018

Fiber lasers contain the active gain medium, which is an optical fiber integrated with rare earth elements such as erbium and ytterbium. Unlike conventional gas lasers, a fiber laser uses part of the fiber as the resonating cavity, where the laser action takes place to generate laser beams , Fiber lasers are preferred over other lasers such as CO2 lasers and excimer lasers, primarily because they are more reliable, efficient, robust, and portable, and easier to operate than other lasers.

Fiber lasers used for industrial applications such as cutting, welding, marking, and engraving in the Manufacturing, Semiconductor, and Automotive industries are referred to as industrial fiber lasers. Moreover, due to their superior performance, compact size, high output power, low cost of ownership, durability, and eco-friendly attributes, industrial fiber lasers are being adopted at a significant rate. They also eliminate the mechanical adjustments and high maintenance costs that are necessary with other lasers.

Increased R&D spending by vendors to gain a competitive advantage over other players in the market is one key trend in this market. Vendors are increasingly investing in their R&D division to provide better functionality and to meet the unsatisfied requirements of consumers. R&D investments have enabled vendors to capture a significant market share and gain a competitive edge over other vendors in the Global Industrial Fiber Laser market.

According to the report, one major driver of the market is the increased adoption of fiber lasers because of their superior attributes. These lasers used for industrial applications are gaining more significance because they exhibit excellent light properties.

Further, the report states that one of the key challenges that the market faces is the uncertainty regarding the lifespan of fiber lasers. Despite their existence in the industry for more than 10 years, the lifespan fiber lasers are not definite.

DK Photonics:Huawei to invest over $4 billion in fixed broadband technology in 3 years

Telecom network vendor Huawei on Thursday said it will be investing over $4 billion in fixed broadband (FBB) technology research and development over the next three years.

Huawei’s plans to invest significantly in fixed broadband technology reflects a report from Dell’Oro Group that said wireline telecom markets will grow at a CAGR of 3 percent against 1 percent growth for wireless between 2013 and 2018.

In August, Dell’Oro Group said the combined service provider equipment markets will grow at a CAGR of 2 percent between 2013 and 2018 — after recording a CAGR of -1 percent between 2008 and 2013.

Huawei said the $4 billion investment will focus on products and solutions which will support their customers with providing an improved service experience for end users.

Huawei Products and Solutions President Ryan Ding said: “Our investment will further develop technological advances, help customers increase their competitiveness and decrease overall operating costs.”

Existing technologies are changing, next-generation High-Efficiency Video Coding is maturing, 4k panel and content production costs are reducing and the development of the 4k video industry, are all driving new solutions.

Huawei to invest over $4 billion in fixed broadband technology in 3 years

As LTE and 5G deployment continues, construction of high-performance networks which guarantee better customer experience will be expected by telecom operators. Huawei said FBB technologies will be progressed by leveraging big data, data centers and cloud computing to meet their needs.

Tam Dell’Oro, president and founder of Dell’Oro Group, said: “While we believe carriers will continue to enhance their wireless networks, we anticipate carriers will put more emphasis on backhauling traffic which means improving their fixed line networks in the next five years.”

Huawei today said it will innovate Software Defined Networking (SDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) to initiate open broadband networks that help customers simplify operations and management, realize service innovation and improve network efficiency.

For next-generation networks, Huawei will conduct research and develop on new key technologies and architectures for IP and all-optical networks, advancing FBB network development.

Fixed LTE broadband access gains

At present, 1.26 billion households do not have DSL, cable, or fiber-optic broadband. Fixed and mobile telecoms are looking to LTE to make the connection.

“By the end of 2014, there will be 14.5 million residential and commercial premises with fixed LTE broadband access. By 2019, that figure should grow to 123 million,” said Jake Saunders, VP and 4G practice director at ABI Research.

ITU pitches for broadband

ITU, a telecom industry association under the aegis of UN, says more than 40 percent of the world’s people are already online, with the number of Internet users rising from 2.3 billion in 2013 to 2.9 billion by the end of this year.

Over 2.3 billion people will access mobile broadband by end 2014, climbing steeply to a predicted 7.6 billion within the next five years.

ITU says there are now over three times as many mobile broadband connections as there are conventional fixed broadband subscriptions.

Huawei on green telecom

Meanwhile, Eric Xu, Rotating chief executive officer, Huawei, said: “Huawei is committed to socio-economic and environmental sustainability. We leverage our expertise to bridge the digital divide and deliver high-quality digital connectivity for all.”

“We always honor our commitment to supporting secure and stable network operations anytime, anywhere. We contribute to low-carbon economies by helping customers and industries improve productivity and reduce energy consumption,” said Xu at the sixth Global Supplier Sustainability Conference in Shenzhen, China.

DK Photonics – www.dkphotonics.com specializes in designing and manufacturing of high quality optical passive components mainly for telecommunication, fiber sensor and fiber laser applications,such as PLC Splitter, WDM, FWDM, CWDM, DWDM, OADM,Optical Circulator, Isolator, PM Circulator, PM Isolator, Fused Coupler, Fused WDM, Collimator, Optical Switch and Polarization Maintaining Components, Pump Combiner, High power isolator, Patch Cord and all kinds of connectors.

Fiber Optics Sensors Provide Early Warning for Landslides-DK Photonics

CASERTA, Italy, Sept. 29, 2014 — Fiber optic sensors could warn people of imminent landslides, potentially saving lives and reducing destruction.

A team at the Second University of Naples is developing sensor technology that could detect and monitor both large landslides and slow slope movements. The researchers hope to mitigate the effects of these major natural disasters, similar to the way hurricane tracking can prompt coastal evacuations.

Optical fiber sensors embedded in shallow trenches within slopes would detect small shifts in the soil, the researchers said. Landslides are always preceded by various types of pre-failure strains, they said.

While the magnitude of pre-failure strains depends on the rock or soil involved — ranging from fractured rock debris and pyroclastic flows to fine-grained soils — they are measurable. Electrical sensors have long been used for monitoring landslides, but that type of sensor can be easily damaged, the researchers said. Optical fiber is more robust, economical and sensitive.

“Distributed optical fiber sensors can act as a ‘nervous system’ of slopes by measuring the tensile strain of the soil they’re embedded within,” said professor Dr. Luigi Zeni.

The researchers are also combining several types of optical fiber sensors into a plastic tube that twists and moves under the forces of the pre-failure strains. This will allow them to monitor the movement and bending of the optical fiber remotely to determine if a landslide is imminent.

The use of fiber optic sensors “allows us to overcome some limitations of traditional inclinometers, because fiber-based ones have no moving parts and can withstand larger soil deformations,” Zeni said.

He added that such sensors can be used to cover several square kilometers and monitored continuously to pinpoint critical zones.

The team will present their research at Frontiers in Optics in Tucson, Ariz., next month.

Fiber Optic Connector Market Forecast-DK Photonics

According to ElectroniCast, multifiber / multichannel fiber optic connectors are set for explosive growth, led by MXC™ fiber connectors with triple-digit increases through 2018…

Aptos, CA (USA) – September 22, 2014 —ElectroniCast Consultants, a leading market & technology forecast consultancy addressing the fiber optics communications industry, today announced the release of their annual market forecast and analysis of the use offiber optic connectors and mechanical splices in communication applications.

According to ElectroniCast, the worldwide fiber optic connector/mechanical splice consumption value reached $2.63 billion in 2013. Multimode fiber optic connectors led the consumption value in 2013 with a 64 percent market share. The use of multimode fiber optic connectors is forecast to increase at a rate of 14 percent per year, from $1.68 billion in 2013 to $3.24 billion in 2018.

“The multimode LC small form factor connector is forecast to maintain the leadership position in relative market share throughout the forecast period, as well as increasing at an average annual rate of 20 percent,” said Stephen Montgomery, Director of the Fiber Optic Component group at ElectroniCast.

The fastest annual growth is set to come from the use of multifiber/multichannel fiber optic connectors are set for explosive growth, led by MXC™ fiber connectors with triple-digit increases through 2018. The newly-release connector design enables more fibers (up to 64 fibers at 25G) to be accommodated in fast-paced server/storage data center and other applications. Both the single-mode and the multimode MXC fiber optic connectors are forecast to reach strong values by 2018.

Other new fiber optic connector designs, besides the MXC connector, are planned for deployment to address the high-density/high-speed data speeds of 25Gbps or greater in the next couple of years.

“Field-installable connectors for indoor and outdoor use are increasing in demand and thus are making a big-splash in the overall connector product lines of several competitors. Fiber optic connector-types, such as SC, ST, LC, FC and even the MPO and other possibilities are finding their way to the marketplace. Both mechanical-splice and fusion-splice technologies are meeting the requirements in the field-installable fiber optic product availability,” Montgomery added.

The global fiber optic connector/mechanical splice consumption is driven by a dramatic increase in bandwidth demand beyond the limits of copper. As optical fiber use migrates closer and closer to the end user, where cable lengths are shorter with higher fiber counts, the requirements for jointing fibers becomes more critical. Splicing and connecting, play a significant role in a network’s cost and performance.

There are over 140 vendors competing for the global fiber optic connector/ mechanical splice market, which ElectroniCast tracks in a product matrix showing participation in the following: connectors, cable assemblies, optical backplanes, and fiber optic installation apparatus; however, is dominated by a few companies that have a broad base in various interconnect products.

DK Photonics – www.dkphotonics.com specializes in designing and manufacturing of high quality optical passive components mainly for telecommunication, fiber sensor and fiber laser applications,such as WDM, FWDM, CWDM, DWDM, OADM,Optical Circulator, Isolator, PM Circulator, PM Isolator, Fused Coupler, Fused WDM, Collimator, Optical Switch and Polarization Maintaining Components, Pump Combiner, High power isolator, Patch Cord and all kinds of connectors.

Differences Between FBT Coupler and PLC splitters

Optical networks require signal being splitted somewhere in design to serve for multiple customers. Splitter technology has made a huge step forward in the past few years by introducing PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) splitter. It has proven itself as a higher reliable type of device compared to the traditional FBT (Fused Biconical Taper) splitter. While being similar in size and outer appearance, both types of splitters provide data and video access for business and private customers. However, internally the technologies behind these types vary, thus giving service providers a possibility to choose a more appropriate solution.

FBT splitter is made out of materials that are easily available, for example steel, fiber, hot dorm and others. All of these materials are low-price, which determines the low cost of the device itself. The technology of the device manufacturing is relatively simple, which has the impact on its price as well. In scenario where multiple splits are needed, the size of the device may become an issue. It is important to keep in mind that splitters are being deployed in the fields either in cabinets or in strand mountings, so the size of device plays a critical role. FBT splitters only support three wavelengths (850/1310/1550 nm) which makes these devices unable to operate on other wavelengths. Inability of adjusting wavelengths makes FBT splitters less customizable for different purposes. Moreover, the devices are to a high extent temperature sensitive, providing a stable working range of -5 to 75 C. In certain areas, such as Scandinavian countries this temperature restrictions may be crucial. The signal processed by FBT splitters cannot be splitted evenly due to lack of management of the signals

PLC splitter manufacturing technology is more complex. It uses semiconductor technology (lithography, etching, developer technology) production, hence it is more difficult to manufacture. Therefore, the price of the device is higher. However, there is a number of advantages the device possesses. The size of the device is compact, compared to FBT splitters, making it suitable for density applications. PLC splitter operates at wider temperature range (-40 to 85 C), allowing its deploying in the areas of extreme climate. The split ratio goes up to 64, providing a high reliability. Furthermore, the signal can be split equally due to technology implemented. A range of wavelengths (1260 – 1650 nm) is provided, so the wavelengths are adjustable. Critical points of the device that might fail are input and output, so the general risk of failure is low.

Table 1. FBT and PLC splitter feature comparison

Market Forecast–MPO Connectors in 40/100GbE – DK Photonics

MPO fiber optic connectors used in North American 40/100GbE communication links are forecast to increase at a rate of 49.8% per year through 2018…

Aptos, CA (USA) – August 20, 2014 —ElectroniCast Consultants, a leading market & technology forecast consultancy addressing the fiber optics communications industry, today announced the release of their market forecast and analysis of the use of MPO fiber optic connectors in 40 gigabit Ethernet (GbE) and 100GbE Standard communication network links. MPO is the industry acronym for “multi-fiber push on.”

“Applications such as video, virtualization, cloud computing, switching/routing and convergence are driving the need for bandwidth expansion in data centers, 4G/LTE (wireless) networks, and other deployments. We continue on the path of gradually migrating from 1G to 10G to 40G and 100G and eventually beyond; and the MPO connector is a key component in 40/100GbE network links, ” said Stephen Montgomery, director of the fiber optics components group at ElectroniCast.

The use of MPO fiber optic connectors in North American 40GbE and 100GbE networks is expected to reach $28 million in 2014, an increase of 84% over last year (2013). The use of 40/100GbE MPO connectors in North American is forecast to increase at annual rate of 49.8% per year over the 2013-20189 timeframe covered in the ElectroniCast market forecast. Market forecast data in the market study refers to consumption (use) for a particular calendar year; therefore, this data is not cumulative data.

The market forecast is segment by the use of single-mode and multimode 12-fiber and 24-fiber MPO connectors, and further broken-out by the use of connectors in 40G and the connectors used in 100G.

According to the market study, the North American 40/100GbE MPO connector market expansion will be dominated by the 12-fiber multimode MPO connectors, increasing at an average annual growth rate of 48.5 percent during the forecast period.

Ovum: Optical components market to grow 8% in 2014 from $6.8 bn in 2013

The global optical components (OC) market is expected to grow 8 percent in 2014 from $6.8 billion in 2013, said Ovum.

In 2013, the OC market increased 3 percent from 2012. Ovum said main growth drivers in 2013 were data communication sales driven by large data centers, 100G coherent demand, and unexpected growth in sales of transceivers for fiber-to-the-antenna applications for 4G build-outs.

“Demand for 100G metro–optimized transmission gear will begin shipments and ramp in 2015. Multiple component vendors introduced components and pluggable optics for 100GHz DWDM in anticipation. Opportunities are also emerging in the data center for high-speed interconnects,” said Daryl Inniss, practice leader for Telecoms Components at Ovum.

In the first quarter of 2014, the optical components market declined 1 percent sequentially and grew 7 percent compared to the year-ago period. New lower telecom prices were one of the main reasons for the marginal growth in OC on quarter-on-quarter basis.

Ovm said demand for 100G components for coherent transmission in WAN, datacom transceivers at 10 and 40G, and fiber-to-the-antenna transceivers is expected to continue. Traffic continues to increase, and high-speed optics being used in new applications are helping to drive the market forward.

The WAN OC segment, which includes components in telecom carriers’ core and metro networks, the largest segment, will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11 percent to $7 billion in 2019. Demand for 100G components and modules is a big driver for growth in WAN. Ovum expects strong demand for pluggable coherent transceivers in 2015.

Datacom will be expanding at a 16 percent CAGR to reach $4.2 billion in 2019 — led by demand for 10 and 40G components in the early years and then 100G in the later years driven by the availability of server ports supporting data rates greater than 10G.

Access — including CATV, FTTx and transceivers for the fiber-to-the-antenna application — will decline at 2 percent CAGR to $1.1 billion in 2019. The decline will be driven by the FTTx application, where volumes are nearly constant through the forecast period but price declines are projected to pull down revenues.

Huawei, Rostelecom collaborate on FTTH distribution boxes—DK Photonics

Huawei says it has collaborated with Russian service provider Rostelecom to develop floor distribution boxes (FDBs) for use in Rostelecom’s flexible fiber to the home (FTTH) deployments. The FDBs will help improve the efficiency of the operator’s FTTH deployments, particularly in sparsely populated areas, Huawei says.

Rostelecom is under a mandate from the Russian government to connect 13 million CWDM Module users by 2015, Huawei says. This task is complicated by the fact that much of the operator’s footprint covers rural areas.

To improve deployment efficiency, Huawei says it recommended what it calls “the thin-covered network deployment model.” According to the model, fiber-optic networks are constructed to user access points and the FDBs, the latter of which are used as the interface between the outside plant and the inside plant. As the network expands and more users are connected, pre-made drop cables can be used for plug-and-play, quick service provisioning.

The customized FDBs were designed for success-based deployment. Rostelecom can deploy FDBs that provide access to a single user, then add connections as many as four or eight users as take rates improve. Technicians can complete the expansion in one minute without the use of tools, Huawei says.

Huawei and Rostelecom will further collaborate on other network elements, including the closure, optical splitter, and fiber distribution terminal (FDT), the technology provider added.

For more information on FTTx products, visit the DK Photonics Website.

Fiber Optic Collimator Lens Assembly Global Market Forecast-DK Photonics

Fiber optic collimator lens arrays are forecast with strong value-based growth rates of more than 45% per year (2013-2018)…

Aptos, CA (USA) – May 9, 2014 —ElectroniCast Consultants, a leading market research & technology forecast consultancy addressing the fiber optics communications industry, today announced the release of a new market forecastof the global market consumption and technology trends ofcommercial (non-military) fiber optic collimating lens assemblies, which are used in optical communication applications.

The market study covers single lens assemblies, 2-12 lens arrays, and arrays with more than 12 lenses. Both of the lens array categories are forecast with strong growth rates of more than 45% per year (2013-2018). Single lens fiber optic collimator assemblies hold the global market share lead in the selected optical communication applications covered in the ElectroniCast study.

“Collimator lenses (and lens assemblies) are used in a variety of photonic products; however this market study forecasts the use of micro-sized collimator lens assemblies, which are used specifically in optical communication components/devices. Fiber optic collimator lens assemblies serve as a key indicator of the growth of the fiber optic communication component industry,” said Stephen Montgomery, Director of the Fiber Optic Component group at the California-based consultancy.

ElectroniCast defines lens assemblies as lenses (one or more), which are attached to an optical fiber or fitted/attached into (or on) a planar waveguide/array substrates or other device(s) for the purpose of collimating light for optical fiber communication.

The global consumption of fiber optic collimator lens assemblies, which are used in commercial optical communication applications, reached $264.2 million last year in 2013 and is forecast to reach $298.4 million this year (2014), an increase of 12.9%. The American and APAC regions are forecast to remain relatively close together in relative consumption value market share. The Europe, Middle East and Africa regional segment (EMEA) is forecast with the fastest average annual growth rate during the forecast period. Market forecast data in the ElectroniCast report refers to consumption (use) for a particular calendar year; therefore, this data is not cumulative data.

Fiber optic collimator lens assemblies are widely used to covert a divergent output laser beam from a fiber or waveguide into an expanding beam of parallel light; therefore, they are used in a variety of optical communication components, such as: modulators, attenuators, transmitters, pump laser modules, switches/optical cross connects, wavelength selective switches, ROADMs, isolators, circulators, expanded-beam connector assemblies, optical filter modules, DWDM, tunable filters, optical sensors, optical signal processing, integrated/hybrid packaged modules, and other active and passive components and devices.

The Asia Pacific region is currently the leader in consumption value of the fiber optic collimator lens assembly market …

Fiber Optic Collimator Lens Assemblies

Global Market Share (%), By Region (Value Basis, Estimate – 2014)

DK Photonics – www.dkphotonics.com specializes in designing and manufacturing of high quality optical passive components mainly for telecommunication, fiber sensor and fiber laser applications,such as WDM, FWDM, CWDM, DWDM, OADM,Optical Circulator, Isolator, PM Circulator, PM Isolator, Fused Coupler, Fused WDM, Collimator, Optical Switch and Polarization Maintaining Components, Pump Combiner, High power isolator, Patch Cord and all kinds of connectors.